How Hurricanes Form in the Sahara Desert

How Hurricanes Form in the Sahara Desert In the United States, the eastern and Gulf coasts are at risk for being hammered by typhoons from June through November in light of the fact that the waters in the North Atlantic Ocean are normally at their hottest while the Sahara is at its most sizzling during a similar timeframe. A tropical storm is an intricate climate framework that can be just clarified as a channel of warm, wet air. It is a non-frontal framework whose air has an unmistakable roundabout stream. One beginnings formingâ for the United States when sight-seeing over the Sahara is discharged into the North Atlantic. The Sahara The Sahara, whose land mass is nearly that of the mainland United States, is the biggest â€Å"hot† desert on the planet. It is likewise the second biggest desert in general and covers 10 percent of the African landmass. (Antarctica is the biggest desert on the planet and is delegated a â€Å"cold† desert.) In the Sahara, the day-night-day temperatures can swing 30 degrees in a couple of hours. Extraordinary twirling twists over the Sahara convey sandâ over the Mediterranean, bringing storms into England, and drop sand on the sea shores of eastern Florida.â The Sahara-Hurricane Connection The temperatures of the land mass of western North Africa growsâ hot, and the air over this zone ascends to make the African easterly stream. A segment of sight-seeing swirls upward three miles and spreads as it races to the continentsâ west coast, where it plunges toward the sea. The air gets dampness from the warm waterâ and proceeds with its race westbound. The progression of the sea and the turn of Earth joined with the dry breezes of the desert and the warm, clammy air off the Atlantic pony scopes make this desert-brought into the world climate develop. As aâ weather framework traversed the Atlantic, it twists and flies over the water and can develop in force as it gets dampness, particularly when it shows up in the zone of Central America and the warm Eastern Pacific waters. Hurricanes versus Typhoons At the point when wind speeds in the climate framework are under 39 miles for every hour, it is delegated a tropical sorrow. At 39 to 73 miles for each hour, it is a typhoon, if its breezes are pivoting. This is where the World Meteorological Association gives the tempest a name, on a foreordained calendar that invigorates names at regular intervals, rotating male and female names in sequential request. Next up the tempest power scale after typhoons are hurricanes. The most minimal class of tropical storms occurs at 74 miles for each hour, classification 1. Now and then typhoons and tropical storms consume their time on earth out over the vast sea, never arriving at landfall. At the point when they do hitâ land, typhoons and tropical storms can do extraordinary harm through bringing forth tempests that cause flooding and tornadoes. When a hurricaneâ was sufficiently large to cause a great deal of harm, at that point the name is resigned and another name replaces it on the rundown. Contributed by Associate Writer Sharon Tomlinson

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Types, Causes and Treatments

Provocative Bowel Disease: Types, Causes and Treatments The stomach related framework assumes an enormous job in the endurance in every living creature and our stomach related framework, through a progression of physical and substance changes, separates the food we eat into atoms that are consumed and utilized by the cells in our bodies. In the same way as other things throughout everyday life, we frequently exploit the frameworks in our body and don't take appropriate consideration of our bodies. We possibly appear to focus on them when something is turning out badly. Incendiary entrail ailment, otherwise called IBD, is one of numerous basic ailments that influence a huge number of individuals in North America consistently. Provocative entrail sickness isn't an illness in itself; rather it is a name for a gathering of comparative issue. The two principle kinds of provocative entrail sickness are known as Crohns ailment and Ulcerative colitis. The two issue cause portions of the stomach related tract (most ordinarily the huge or small dig estive organs) to get aroused. This paper will layout a few insights concerning fiery inside ailment including its causes, analyze treatment, way of life changes made when analyzed, and some different issues. Reasons for IBD Specialists and researchers have been looking into the reason, yet they are as yet not sure with respect to what precisely motivations them. It is accepted that the irritation brought about by IBD is added to by three fundamental variables. These variables are the qualities one acquires, ones resistant framework, and an outside substance (an antigen) in the earth. It is accepted that this remote substance is either legitimately causing the irritation or the antigen triggers the bodys invulnerable framework. When the resistant framework is activated it starts to create aggravation as an endeavor to decimate the antigen, yet in instances of IBD irritation can not be controlled. Despite the fact that the patients safe framework starts to protect the body, it doesn't have a clue how to appropriately stop at the right time which may make extraordinary harms the stomach related tract because of irritation and in the long run will cause ulcers (injuries) 1. Different reasons for IBD have to do with ones hereditary make up. It is accepted that IBD can be connected to ones race, family ancestry and qualities. IBD can influence some ethnic gatherings more than others. IBD was first accepted to just influence Caucasians yet late reports have changed that see. There is a pace of 149/100,000 Caucasians that are contaminated in America, however Jews of European drop living in North America are 4-5 times bound to get the ailment than individuals of other ethnicities2. There are likewise reports of higher instances of IBD in those of African drop, however there are lower disease rates in Asians and Hispanics. Studies likewise show that 10-20% of individuals who are influenced by IBD will have a family ancestry of having the malady. This implies most prominent conceivable hazard to contracting IBD is on the off chance that somebody in your family has been determined to have it previously. The individuals who have relatives who have been influence d are multiple times bound to be contaminated and if the tainted relative is a sibling or sister, odds of getting IBD builds 30 fold3. Researchers additionally have come to accept that the NOD2 quality might be connected with IBD Side effects Provocative entrail malady isn't reparable and will influence patients inconsistently for the duration of their lives. Side effects change from individual to individual with regards to IBD and will erupt and subside at various occasions in a patients life. The most well-known manifestations are loose bowels, cramps and rectal dying. IBD can likewise influence ones joints, eyes, and skin and a few kids who experience the ill effects of Crohns may encounter postponed development and sexual turn of events. IBD is an infection that will influence a patient for a long time and manifestations will go back and forth, now and then more extreme than different occasions. Alongside commonplace indications patients may feel different difficulties too. Basic entanglements in patients of IBD incorporate intestinal blockages brought about by expanding. The blockage will prompt smaller intestinal sections and thicker inside dividers. Drug can be utilized to expel these blockages, yet on the off chan ce that they are not kidding they may require medical procedure. Nutrional inadequacies may likewise be an intricacy regularly happening in the individuals who have been determined to have IBD for an extremely significant time-frame. Their bodies will experience difficulties with retaining proteins and nutrients, which may prompt an insufficiency. Nutrient enhancements might be required in these cases. Wounds and ulcers are additionally a typical inconvenience. The ulcers may cause a fistula (a gap that leads starting with one circle of the digestive tract then onto the next) to create. These gaps may prompt the bladder, vagina or skin and may get contaminated. In the event that sufficiently little, fistulas might be treated with drugs, yet on the off chance that genuine enough medical procedure might be required.5 Chrons Disease There are 5 principle sorts of Crohns infection dependent on the general region that is being influenced. The confusions and manifestations of Crohns are diverse relying upon what territory of the digestion tracts are aroused. Ileocolitis: This is the most well-known type of Crohns ailment that influences the ileum. The indications that accompany ileocolitis remember torment for center of the mid-region, squeezing, and loose bowels. Ileocolitis can likewise cause weight reduction. Ileitis: This type of Crohns just influences the ileum, yet brings about indistinguishable manifestations from ileocolitis. Gastroduodenal Crohns infection: Occurs in the stomach the duodenum. Side effects may incorporate loss of craving, sickness, and weight reduction Jejunoilletis: Jejunoiletis causes inconsistent regions of irritation in the jejunum. Side effects incorporate spasms following dinners, the runs and remember torment for the stomach district that ranges from mellow to extreme. Crohns colitis: This type of Crohns just influences the colon and causes looseness of the bowels, rectal dying, and different maladies around the butt including ulcers.6 Ulcerative Colitis There are additionally many type of ulcerative colitis, however they have nearly precisely the same indication as certain types of Crohns illness. Ulcerative Procitis: The aggravation in situated in the rectum and in gentle cases, rectal draining might be the main manifestation. In increasingly genuine cases one may feel abrupt inclinations to go to the washroom and tenesumus which is a term portraying excruciating and ineffectual solid discharges. Proctosigmoiditis: Inflammation is situated in the rectum and the last segment of the colon (sigmoid colon). The side effects are the equivalent of those that accompany ulcerative procitis. Left-sided Colitis: Inflamation in the left half of the colon (rectum, sigmoid colon, and slipping colon). Additionally called restricted or distal colitis. The side effects brought about by left-sided colitis are torment on the left half of the mid-region, weightloss and diarreah.7 Conclusion As per the Crohns Colitis Foundation of Canada by fall of 2008, around 200 000 Canadian8 and as indicated by the Crohns Colitis Foundation of America about 1.4 million Americans9 have been determined to have IBD. IBD will in general taint the individuals who are between the ages 15-35 years old, however isn't restricted to those couple of. It can likewise happen in more youthful youngsters and individuals as old as 70. An amazing 10% of the individuals who are influenced by IBD are younger than 18. In light of the high pace of IBD it is essential to have the malady appropriately analyzed. Incendiary inside illnesses manifestations are fundamentally the same as numerous different maladies so specialists must be cautious when diagnosing the sickness and it might require some investment. Some regular tests to analyze IBD incorporate endoscopies looking at the colon, the sigmoid colon, throat, or the liver and pancreatic pipe. Various sorts of radiology test can be utilized also includin g x-beams, CT examines, MRI, white platelet outputs, and ultrasounds. Some of the time a little bit of tissue from the contaminated region might be ready to deal with nearer examination. This can additionally assist specialists with diagnosing IBD.10 Treatment As of now, there isnt any known solution for IBD. When a patient is analyzed IBD it is critical to appropriately get the confusion all together hold ones manifestations within proper limits. The most well-known type of treatment is the use of drug. There are numerous kinds of medications used to treat patients with IBD. Aminosalicylates are one kind of medication utilized that are intended to die down aggravation brought about by IBD and is typically used to treat mellow side effects. Asacol,â ® Colazal,.â ® Dipentum,â ® orPentasa, ® are largely instances of aminosalicylates. Corticosteroids, the second sort of medication which is normally utilized in moderate to extreme cases, are given to patients to stifle ones safe framework. Prednisone and methylprednisolone are the kinds of corticosteroids and they can be perilous on the grounds that they may cause some drawn out reactions. The third sort of medication used to treat IBD are resistant modifiers. These are utilized to recuperate fistulas in the intestinal tract and to help diminish ones measurements of corticosteroids. Azathioprine (Imuranâ ®), 6-MP (Purinetholâ ®), and methotrexateImmune modifiers are a few instances of this. Much the same as numerous different ailm ents IBD can likewise be treated with the utilization of Antibiotics. Anti-infection agents like metronidazole, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin, are only a couple of the sorts that can be utilized. Likewise organic treatments can be utilized to treat IBD. There are numerous sorts and every fill an alternate need. For instance Inflixmiab (Remicadeâ ®) is a medication made of 75 percent human, 25 percent mouse protein and is an immunizer. This antibodies work is to square ones invulnerable framework. This blockage prevents the resistant framework from making a substance called tumor putrefaction factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a concoction that is made by the bodys invulnerable framework to increase aggravation inside the body. By preventing the invulnerable framework from making TNF-alpha, irritation brought about by IBD can be prevented.11 In the long run medication won't be sufficient to control the side effects of IBD. 66%-75% of individuals determined to have Crohns will in the long run need medical procedure in their lives. Medical procedure might be expected to fix a fistula, clear blockage in the digestion tracts, or to evacuate an area of the digestive organs. In instances of IBD, surgerys principle work is to attempt to keep as much as the guts unblemished and helps pat

Office Communication Top Ten List Entry #4 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Office Communication Top Ten List Entry #4 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This is the fourth entry in our “Top 10? list for you to consider when communicating with our office and applying. Number 4 Thoroughly review our FAQ Page When it doubt about something my recommendation is first to check out our admission FAQ page.   Dont get me wrong, we love to answer email and help people out, but we also feel bad when we get backlogged and are not able to respond within the time frame we would like, and the question is clearly answered on the FAQ page. Thus it is a great idea to familiarize yourself with the FAQ page.   I recommend setting aside some time to try and read the whole page in one sitting.   Also, we try to update the FAQ page frequently.   If we find that lots of people have the same question, we try to add it to the FAQ page.   Thus dont be surprised if we direct you to the FAQ page when you email us with a question. While we do answer all emails sent to our office, you might find the answer more quickly if you perform some quick searches (CTRL-F in most browsers) on the FAQ page.

The, Wildlife, And The Natural Land, By Henry David Thoreau

Just years after the Industrial Revolution, a time at which engineering and the economy became the main concerns of the population, many of the American people forgot the importance of the land that provided the resources that sustained them. In a time where there was believed to be nowhere but society to reside in, few refuted the idea that the wilderness was really so uncivilized. In his 1845 memoir, Henry David Thoreau describes his experiences living in a quaint cabin, â€Å"in the wilderness†, alongside Walden Pond near Concord, Massachusetts. Presenting his findings of being self-reliable, Thoreau depicts what his life was like alone in the woods with only nature to ease one’s mind and solitude to provide company. With detailed†¦show more content†¦He accordingly conveys this idea by stating that society only believes in intrinsic value and only once one can seclude themselves from the portrait of society can one come to find instrumental value. Continuing with his descriptions of the Walden Pond during winter, Thoreau presents the idea of overconsumption and sustainability throughout the book. While observing the ice cutters at Walden Pond, Thoreau comments on human effort to exploit nature, arguing that the actions are in vain as nature regenerates much faster than it can be threatened, which is very debatable due to the knowledge that there is only a finite amount of resources on the planet. Thoreau thoroughly believes in his idea of self-reliance and states that there are only four necessities that should determine one’s ability to survive: food, shelter, clothing, and fuel, many of which he believes nature provides graciously. This refutes the idea that prosperity is dependent widescale economic surplus. Thoreau makes his argument clear, writing that any attempt at luxury is likely to prove more as a hinderance that an aid to one’s individual improvement as in Economy when he writes â€Å"Most men, even i n this comparatively free country, through mere ignorance and mistake, are soShow MoreRelatedHenry David Thoreau : Idealism And Existentialism1311 Words   |  6 PagesIdealism and Existentialism consolidate together in Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walking. His ethic is no other than of a man that has come to his full- senses, seeing the world from the most narrow space that society have to offer, he expanded that space and went into a journey that every man should take, a journey of self-discovery and understanding of nature. Thoreau’s Walking solves the question that we all may consider of doing before making an action. How to do it? is described in Walking,Read More Back to Nature in Henry David Thoreau’s Walden Essay2031 Words   |  9 PagesIn Walden, Henry David Thoreau explains how a relationship with nature reveals aspects of the true self that remain hidden by the distractions of society and technology. To Thoreau, the burdens of nineteenth century existence, the cycles of exhausting work to obtain property, force society to exist as if it were slumbering. Therefore, Thoreau urges his readers to seek a spiritual awakening. Through his rhetoric,Thoreau alludes to a rebirth of the self and a reconnection to the natural world. TheRead MoreClimate Change Is A Serious Problem1028 Words   |  5 Pagesearly 19th century. Writers such as Henry David Thoreau, Waldo Emerson, and James Fenimore Cooper shared their love of nature in their writing. Philosophers also joined in like John Muir. T he U.S. Forest Service in 1905, directed by Gifford Pinochet, saw nature as something to be utilized; but only if resources were not wasted. He kept the generation of today and tomorrow in his actions. Others, such as Aldo Leopold believed that humans should manage the land, but in a way that it does not harm itRead MoreAn Open Letter to Roderick Nash on Island Civilization Essay829 Words   |  4 Pagesabilities. Humans can not be the only thing that is hurting the Earth. When you really think about it, Earth goes through a lot of natural disasters, which cannot be controlled. According to an activist, Tim Haering, â€Å"Tsunamis, floods, volcanoes, earthquakes, tornadoes, wildfires, disease nature kills more than we kill each other.† Earth throws in all of these natural disasters to destroy what is hurting it. It also helps the Earth regenerate. Nash blames humans for Earth’s wounds, when that is entirelyRead MoreThe Great Expansion Of The 20th Century Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pageswater for its rapid growth. In all this great expansion of aqueducts and dams, concerned citizens like John Muir proclaimed that more must be done to protect the majesty and beauty of California before it is all gone. Inspired by the writing of Henry David Thoreau, which published Walden, a landmark book on the topic of environmentalism, and his years exploring and camping in the Sierra Nevada wil derness, Muir began to gather like-minded scientists and thinkers in San Francisco. Efforts by Muir and theRead MoreFirst Along The River - Short Answer Take Home Exam1243 Words   |  5 Pagesthey were bestowed with God given rights to occupy, exploit, and colonize the land. Secondly, the colonial European attitude of popularity and influence was the ideas of Enlightenment thinking. 3. Native Americans controlled their environments by burning forested areas inhabited by elk, deer, and turkey to facilitate hunting. Also, Native Americans burned fields to remove their old stock in order to cultivate the land more smoothly. 4. A few people in the 19th century who rejected the exploitationRead MoreThe Mountains Are Calling By John Muir Essay2619 Words   |  11 PagesThe Mountains are Calling Scottish born â€Å"John of the Mountains† impacted the way National Parks are viewed today. As a wee lad, John Muir had a keen fixation on his natural surroundings. Conversely, his father Daniel was vehemently opposed to any contact with the world outside of their garden. Ironically, the family’s abrupt move to America would set the stage for his son John to blossom into the renowned naturalist he is remembered as today. While attending college in Wisconsin, John was exposedRead More Wilderness: History and Value Essay3244 Words   |  13 PagesAmericas relationship with its wilderness lands. Many of the nations first European arrivals brought with them very Puritanical views regarding the appropriateness of order and disorder as well as fundamental Christian views (Kropf, 1997). In their minds, the unsettled and unestablished lands of the New World symbolized lack of order and therefore the absence of God. Along with disorderly lands there existed native inhabitants who, because they had not subdued the land-putting it to strict agriculturalRead MoreEnvironmental Protection and Free Trade Coexisting Essay2055 Words   |  9 Pagesrealize that we have now created the way of life which cannot be had by everyone due to the enormous amount of energy which it requires. For example, it would be impossible for all humans to own and operate cars because there are no longer enough natural resources to provide the energy necessary for this commodity. Free trade has an underlying basis of individual liberty, and implies two symbolic freedoms (Audley, 21). The first being a â€Å"cost-less solution to expanding the human scale,† meaningRead MoreEstablishment Of The Environmental Protection Agency2358 Words   |  10 Pagesled to the passage of landmark legislation in the 1970s that protected natural resources, restored degraded areas, and protected the population of the US from poor water quality and bad ambient air conditions. The acts passed in the 1970s had an immediate impact on American society, and their reach continues through this day. On April 22nd, 1970, the American public gathered in the streets to celebrate clean air, water, and land. Congressmen in Washington D.C. halted their activities to be their constituents;

Essay on Special Education - 2874 Words

The education system in our country was put in place in order to do service to our children. Despite this, in many cases, children that have disabilities are neglected by their schools. As a society, we all want to make sure that these children are being taken care of. However, there is a large spectrum of students with disabilities, and more needs to be done in order to meet every individual’s needs. In some cases, they do not receive enough attention, and others receive so much that it holds them back from succeeding on their own. Generally speaking, students with special needs benefit from integration into general education classrooms when it is handled appropriately; however in many cases, students are still being short-changed.†¦show more content†¦Koch says that, â€Å"By nearly all accounts, the law has been highly successful at educating students once turned away at the schoolhouse door as ‘untrainable’†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Julie Verdonik too bel ieves that the program can be successful, and has confidence in the special needs students at Maple Grove. With all of this success, why is it necessary that the special education system be reevaluated? Despite the potential for success that IDEA creates, there are many students whose needs are not yet being met. Some states in our country ignore the act altogether, and do not provide their students with the resources and materials they need to be successful. In many cases, teachers in general education are not trained enough to handle students with special needs being a part of their classroom (Gable). The two of these factors combine to create an environment that slows down the learning process at no fault of the child. On top of that, many low-income areas do not receive enough funding to afford to service their students to the best of their ability, further hindering the child. Misdiagnosis is also a problem commonly found in low-income areas that holds students back from reaching their full potential (Koch). Students that are simply falling behind due to overcrowded classrooms are subjected to remedial reading and other needs-based classes when they don’t actually suffer from any disability (Koch). In some states, children with specialShow MoreRelatedSpecial Needs For Special Education1028 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction/Purpose Fitzgerald, Ryan Fitzgerald (2015) reported that it has been an increase of children identified with special education needs in different countries in Europe. One of the explanation for this influx is the definition of special needs recently changed, which caused more children to fall under that category. Since more children qualify for special education, professionals and parents need training and guidance on meeting the needs of those students. In Ireland, there is a challengeRead MoreEducational Education And Special Education1556 Words   |  7 Pagesover or coddled by general education teachers; teachers without the proper training, no less, expected to properly instruct these students with intellectual disabilities. Kids that are always expected too much of or doubted indefinitely. These are the children that don’t belong in a general education classroom. While mainstreaming, the act of blending general education and special education classes, can possess benefits for both general education and special education pupils, it should not be implementedRead MoreEssay special education11975 Words   |  48 Pagescan cause hip dislocation and deformed bone growth.   No treatment may be currently available to lessen Davids impairment. Disability:    Davids inability to walk is a disability.   His level of disability can be improved with physical therapy and special equipment.   For example, if he learns to use a walker, with braces, his level of disability will improve considerably. Handicap:    Davids cerebral palsy is handicapping to the extent that it prevents him from fulfilling a normal role at home, inRead MoreHistorical Background Of Special Education Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages2011 according to the National Center for Education Statistics 13 percent of the total number of enrollment in the public school were receiving federally supported special education programs†. (National Center for Education Statistics) The goal of special education is for all students with or without a disability to be educated in the least restrictive environment. It is the common belief that special needs students should be placed in the general education classroom with their non-disabled peersRead MoreSpecial Education And The Benefits Of Technology1639 Words   |  7 PagesSpecial Education and the Benefits of Technology in the Classroom Special Education is a type of instruction designed to help disabled and gifted children use their full learning abilities. Many special needs children work in regular classrooms for most of the school day. These students also work with specially trained teachers for part of each school day. These teachers work with helping them to overcome their disabilities. These sessions are usually held in a classroom called a resource roomRead MoreIntegrating Special Education Children596 Words   |  2 PagesDisadvantages of Integrating Special Education Children in Regular Classrooms Few topics have as much controversy as inclusion of children with special needs in regular classrooms. Few professionals question the appropriateness of inclusion of students with disabilities in regular classes. However, significant debate about which students should form part of the general education classes and the time they should spend in those classes persists. This has led to two groups, one for, and the other againstRead MoreSpecial Education Philosophy Paper2449 Words   |  10 PagesDescribe own special educational philosophy in terms of its metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic. My Philosophy of Special Education is that special education is teaching children who have special needs, which can interfere with their learning abilities. I believe special education compared to general education is merely an extension of services in helping all children learn. Learning is a process through which we increase our knowledge as a result of the experiences in our lives. WeRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Inclusion For Special Education Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthis paper I am going to be talking about the pros and cons of inclusion for Special Education children. By definition, Inclusion rejects the use of special schools or classrooms to separate students with disabilities from students without disabilities. Special Education is a topic that is important, even though people may not realize how important it is for the fact that they don’t understand what goes into Special Education for children in schools. â€Å"Negative beliefs many people have about individualsRead MoreGeneral Education And Special Education930 Words   |  4 PagesCo-Teaching Expectations Division of Labor General education and special education teacher are require to work together as a team to ensure the students in the inclusive classroom setting is learning with the accurate accommodation and tools to fit their needs. The general education and special education teacher work together to create a lesson plan to which it targets all areas of learning for all students in the inclusive classroom setting. Both teachers should sit together to discuss their concernsRead MoreSpecial Education Reflection1329 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: REFLECTION PAPER Reflection Paper En Tseh Wang Lehigh University Special Education 332 (Education and Inclusion of Individuals with Special Needs) has been enlightening for me as a secondary mathematics educator. In the beginning of the semester, my feelings towards special education were those of apathy and insensitivity. I now understand that my feelings were due to my lack of knowledge and my judgment based on stereotypes. I always knew that making fun of students

Public Safety Free Essays

There has widespread public outcry on issues relating to safety, women are purported to be the main victims as they were the ones that most attacked at called the attention of relevant authorities. A series of interviews were carried out on three different women to on matters relating to public safety. This was in action to decipher the extent of the threat or imminent threats they faced, how they felt about it, how they would prevent or defend themselves when in such unfortunate situations and the recommendations that they would have to the public safety department in a bid to lower the risks of being attacked. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Safety or any similar topic only for you Order Now The city was rated to be the least safe place in the country, but there were a few exceptions to the status quo. From the interviews it was discovered that all the respondents rated their hoods unsafe and they would prefer staying indoors all the time if need be. They all felt secure when in malls, places near the police station and mostly banks. There was a mixed answer in the places that were presumed to be less secure; I categorically picked the word ‘presume’ because none of the respondents reported that they had ever been attacked or molested in the places they mentioned. The market place was rated to be the least secure place, then the central business district followed and deserted allays closed the list of dangerous places. The respondents felt secure in markets and the CBD because the probability of one noticing danger or more so evade it was very low. None of them had been attacked but they felt most insecure when in those two areas, deserted alleys were marked as red zones because one would feel very helpless when confronted in such places. Barber shops and clubs also fell into sharp criticism as their securities were termed inefficient for such crowded areas. Other people would opt to call for private barber services than risk exposing themselves to the areas they termed crime prone. Word was that no one could risk walking outside alone but if the situation forced it then they would either call some other person to tell them how insecure they feel then walk lit pathways or walk in a group of more than 10 people to boost personal security. The respondents agreed that they would forego walking in the dark at all costs if they other alternatives. Rainy was said to be the most dangerous time then followed by snow seasons. I bet this because of the darkness that engulfs when these seasons come. All the respondents were women and they said that feel more insecure than men would be because they felt that male masculinity was an added advantage when it comes to lessening the imminent security threat or even fighting it off. This claim was fortified by one respondent that said that her husband would be the first person she would ever call when in a dire situation. From the investigation it was clear that none of the women had ever been publicly molested in crowded areas of mugged in deserted alleys but they all felt very insecure about the places. Maybe that was an indication that the situation has always been under control and that the police department was working; but not publicly. Their recommendations of a secure city and neighborhood would be one that has regular police patrols and one that has all streets and deserted pathways properly lit. Peoples fear can be attributed to the psychological triggers of darkness and the one of feeling accosted when in dark alleys (leer-2017). With said, it is high time the peoples recommendations be worked on so as to boost public confidence in matters relating public safety.ReferenceA Lear- 2017, behavior therapySafety behavior after extinction triggers a return of threat expectancy How to cite Public Safety, Papers

Revenge in Hamlet and Frankenstein free essay sample

The novel, Frankenstein, and the play, Hamlet, are two works of literature that revolve around the notion of revenge. The main conflicts of the stories are Prince Hamlet attempting to avenge the murder of his father and Frankenstein’s monster hunting down Victor Frankenstein for abandoning him in an empty and lonely existence. The novels use other themes to tie together the underlying theme of revenge, such as death, madness, and learning and â€Å"un-learning. Death is a source that fuels the yearning for revenge in both stories. Prince Hamlet is obviously pushed to revenge when he figures out that King Claudius murdered his father. In Act 1, Scene 5, the Ghost urges Hamlet to â€Å"revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† to which Hamlet replies: â€Å"Haste me to know’t, that I, with wings as swift/ As meditation or the thoughts of love,/ May sweep to my revenge. † (Act I, Scene 5, p. 29) May I add that this occurs before the name of the murderer is revealed; Hamlet swears to extract revenge in a timely fashion simply based upon the knowledge of corrupted death in his family. And Hamlet certainly follows Hammurabi’s Code (â€Å"an eye for an eye†) when revenge comes to mind. For Hamlet, it is death and only death that can avenge his father’s murder. While Hamlet’s tragic flaw is his inability to act on these emotions (one could easily argue that King Claudius’ death comes as a result of his own plot backfiring), it is death that inspires the powerful and conflicting emotions of revenge within Hamlet. The monster in Frankenstein does not turn to revenge immediately, unlike Hamlet. Instead, he attempts to exist alone at first; when his residence at the cabin falls through, the monster then turns to Victor for a cohort, attempting to offset his miserable existence with both solitude and companionship. Because Victor ultimately refuses to provide the monster with a friend (Victor kills the female monster before he is finished), the monster decides that revenge is the only way to make Victor feel as desolate as he has for his entire life. Rather than just killing Victor, however, the monster decides to kill his loved ones. The death of a potential companion in the world incites the monster to create even more death. The monster kills William Frankenstein, Justine Moritz, and Henry Clerval before Victor Frankenstein’s darkest emotions are drawn out. With the loss of Henry Clerval, Victor’s closest friend, Victor is finally pushed to the brink of insanity and starts plotting his own revenge. Of course, the monster ends up murdering Elizabeth as well and while that death puts the monster’s quest for revenge at ease, it only intensifies the thirst for revenge that Victor Frankenstein tastes. â€Å"Yet he knew me not at first. A said I was a fishmonger. ‘ A is far gone, far gone. And truly in my youth I suffered much extremity for love, very near this. † (Act II, Scene 2, p. 46) Polonius says this when describing Prince Hamlet’s madness to himself during their exchange in Act 2, Scene 2. Hamlet pretends to be insane in order to throw off Polonius, because he is fully aware that Polonius is acting as a spy for Claudius. Seeking revenge leads to Hamlet becoming an utterly mad person with antic behavior. By mocking him, Hamlet convinced Polonius that he was crazy so that Polonius would report his craziness to the court. With Claudius thinking that Hamlet had succumbed to madness, he would be an easy target for Hamlet to extract his revenge on. Of course, Hamlet has to keep up the facade with everybody he comes across. In Act II, Scene 2, Hamlet acts crazed to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern by likening Denmark to a prison, talking about his dreams, openly accusing Rosencrantz and Guildenstern of spying repeatedly, and even casually claiming that he is going mad. One of my personal favorite lines from this section is when Hamlet states, â€Å"I am but mad north-northwest: when the wind is southerly I know a hawk from a handsaw. (Act II, Scene 2, p. 53) Here Hamlet is shamelessly admitting his insanity while also proving that his madness does not necessarily make him any less acute. Also, Hamlet is sure to spread his madness over Ophelia during their encounters, from the bedroom scene (where Hamlet sneaks up on Ophelia in her bedroom but does not say a word to her) to the famous â€Å"get thee to a nunnery† scene. Ophelia, Polonius, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern all report Hamlet’s madness accordingly, as Hamlet wanted. The premise of revenge in Frankenstein revolves around the theory of madness. Victor Frankenstein is a mad man; he shuns away all human contact and disregards his own health to create unnatural life, which he then abandons. His own insanity creates the monster, who ultimately ends up murdering Victor’s loved ones to break him down entirely. â€Å"I know not by what chain of thought the idea presented itself, but it instantly darted into my mind that the murderer had come to mock at my misery, and taunt me with the death of [Henry] Clerval, as a new incitement for me to comply with his hellish desires. I put my hand before my eyes and cried out in agony – Oh! take him away! I cannot see him; for God’s sake, do not let him enter. † (Volume 3, Chapter IV, p. 125) Here, Victor is voicing his madness in fear after the creature murdered Henry Clerval on his path to revenge. It was Henry Clerval’s death that also initially triggered Victor’s craving for revenge, so this quote is germane to the theme of madness in various ways. Ophelia states that Hamlet is a perfect nobleman, young, intelligent, and scholarly. She is not incorrect in any of these statements. So naturally, when Hamlet wants to inflict revenge for his father’s murder, he must learn how to become a blood-lusting killer while â€Å"unlearning† the traits that make him a â€Å"perfect nobleman. † He swears to the Ghost that he will learn to kill to avenge his father. Thus begins his descent to madness. Hamlet practices his savagery on Ophelia and Gertrude, openly insulting both of them and speaking to them in a much harsher nature than usual. He ridicules Claudius, even, in the presence of others. Hamlet slowly sheds away his gentlemanly behavior before he can finally practice his hand at murdering. Unfortunately for Hamlet, however, his first victim is Polonius and not King Claudius. Even though Hamlet did not kill his target, it was apparent at that point that he had made excellent strides towards learning how to kill and unlearning how to be an upstanding citizen. He actually becomes so good at learning how to kill that he forges documents to have his childhood friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, executed. Hamlet displayed all of the traits necessary to be an outstanding revenge-seeker, but his inability to channel his emotions properly held him back from reaching his goal. This trait of kindness moved me sensibly. I had been accustomed, during the night, to steal a part of their store for my own consumption; but when I found that in doing this I inflicted pain on the cottagers, I abstained, and satisfied myself with berries, nuts, and roots, which I gathered from a neighbouring wood. (Volume 2, Chapter IV, p. 74) This quote from Frankenstein embodies who the creature was before his motives changed. He was a selfless, sensitive and helpful being who was plagued by seclusion from the world and a lack of companionship. His emotional capacities set him apart from other monster characters in literature and cinematic history, but it also ties in the theme of learning and unlearning. The monster clearly starts his existence as a beneficial creature, putting the needs of random cabin dwellers before his own. But after being abandoned by his creator as well as being attacked for trying help strangers, the creature realizes that he needs to unlearn kindness and learn how to become assertive. After the creature’s request for a mate is ultimately denied, his vengeful motives are unleashed. The monster hastily learns how to kill and continuously proves it to Victor by killing William, Justine Moritz, Henry Clerval, and Elizabeth, but never actually killing Victor himself. Instead, the creature allows Victor to murder himself by wasting his remaining years trying to seek out his own revenge for what his creation did to him for leaving him alone in the world. The theme of revenge is an interesting concept in Hamlet and Frankenstein. In both stories, revenge is played up to be the only means of coping with those who have wronged you, although both circumstances are much more extreme than everyday life. Interestingly enough, revenge works out very differently in each story. In Hamlet, everybody dies. Prince Hamlet, King Claudius, Laertes, Gertrude, Polonius, Ophelia, and even Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are all dead in the wake of Hamlet’s revenge. The message here is simple – even if your revenge is for the most noble of reasons and even if it is carefully planned out, it is not the best course of action and will likely backfire. Or, simply put, do not seek revenge when there are better alternatives. Frankenstein does not offer that same message, however. The monster, who readers are more likely to sympathize with than Victor, is fruitful in his plot for revenge. He successfully murders the people close to Victor and goes into hiding, eventually wearing down Victor to his own death as well. What is even more interesting about this novel is that Victor fails in his own revenge plot. This is obviously done on purpose because the creature is the character that the reader wants to get behind. So, when the creature is successful and Victor is not, the message sent is that revenge works when revenge is the correct method. In the end, both stories provided the complex theme of revenge very adequately. The messages sent were vastly different but both had so much substance. Through death, madness, and learning and unlearning, revenge prevails as the prominent theme of Hamlet and Frankenstein.

The Future of Health Care in Florida free essay sample

The paper gives a strategic plan for the future of health care in Florida. The paper begins by giving a history of government involvement in healthcare in America. It looks at federal, state and local roles of government in the provision of health-care services and the problems that the working-poor have with access to healthcare. It then focuses on the state of Florida as a state where healthcare problems are particularly acute, owing to the demographic features of the state and its position as a major tourist attraction. After specifying challenges, the paper proposes a strategic plan for dealing with the system that is in crisis. At the beginning of the 21st century, the American health care system is showing significant signs of stress. The state of Florida will not escape the problems faced by the country as a whole, in fact, specific demographic features of the state, such as its large number of older Americans and the large number of Floridians working in the service sector will mean that the challenges of providing access to health care will be particularly acute in Florida. We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of Health Care in Florida or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Laws Against Discrimination in the Workplace

Laws Against Discrimination in the Workplace Free Online Research Papers While discrimination in the workplace has become more difficult to identify, Americans can rely on several federal laws that prohibits job discrimination. In the hiring and terminating process, employers need to be fully aware of the correct legal course of action to avoid discrimination practices. John is an employee in a private sector organization that has strong resistance to enforcement of existing discrimination laws. He wants to file a discrimination complaint against his employer. Based on this scenario, the entire discrimination complaint and civil litigation process will be discussed as it applies to an employee and employer in a private sector organization. In the case of John filing a discrimination complaint against his employer there are certain steps he has to follow. When an employee of a private sector organization believes that he or she have been discriminated against, he or she can file a charge or claim with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Private sector employee claims must be filed within 180 days of the event, after the complaint is filed with EEOC, within 10 days the employer is served notice of the charge (Author Unknown, 2008). An employee with a discrimination complaint against his or her employer will begin his or her journey of reconciliation with the EEOC. The EEOC is made up of five commissioners and a General Counsel appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The collective EEOC is responsible for the enforcement and litigation process of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Equal Pay Act, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and the Americans with Disabilities Act (Author Unknown, 2008). Based on the initial evidence, the EEOC will determine if a priority investigation will be assigned. For charges that support a violation of a law, a higher priority is set, for charges not so obvious; a follow-up investigation will be needed. A settlement can be sought at anytime during the investigation, but if no settlement can be found, the investigation continues. When the EEOC has finished an investigation, the information will be discussed with the charging party and the employe r. At this time, options are considered on how to proceed with the discrimination complaint. The EEOC may dismiss the charges if further investigation will not produce any evidence that a violation of the law has occurred or if discrimination has been established, the EEOC will inform the employer and attempt a resolution between the charging party and employer. The EEOC offers mediation as an alternative to the traditional investigative or litigation process (Author Unknown, 2008). The mediation process is voluntary by both the employer and complainant, in which a third party will facilitate the opposing party’s negotiation process to reach a resolution. This gives both parties an informal platform to work out their issues, differences, and misunderstandings. It is important to know the mediator does not resolve the issue, but helps the parties agree to a common resolution that will benefit both the employer and employee. The mediation process is free, confidential, and most important, avoids the litigation process. If all avenues have been exhausted and the charge warrants due process, than a civil suit may need to be filed. The apposing parties may request either a trial by jury or trial by Judge only. In a jury trial, a selection of peers will decide the validity of the complaint and the damages awarded, whereas a bench trial a Judge will decide on the issues presented. Once the case has been decided, the losing party has the right to appeal the decision. The appellant must prove that an error has been made and the decision needs to be overturned. At this point, three Judges working together will read the briefs from the opposing parties and either make a decision or recommend oral arguments in the courtroom. The appeals court usually has the final word unless a petition for a writ of certiorari (Appeals process) is filed asking the Supreme Court to review the case (Author Unknown, 2008). This however, is not always granted. The Supreme Court usually gets involved in important legal issues or when two appellate courts give apposing views. In very few cases, the Supreme Court may be required by law to h ear the case; otherwise, the review may be turned down. Conclusion Knowledge of the legal process and discrimination is power to the success of a business. To protect both the employee and employer, organizations should be fully aware of the discrimination process and its laws. Additionally, organizations should conduct an orientation on ethics and discrimination to express to its employees that his or rights are valued. To discriminate does not only occur in the hiring process, but can occur throughout employment and the firing process. Upon filing a discrimination complaint against an employer, people can expect the process to be quite lengthy. However, the laws are put in place for all to use in the event people truly feel violated against. It is, after all, the strong will and desire that people stand up for what he or she believes in and hope that justice prevails. References Author Unknown (2008). EEOC: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The information was retrieved from the World Wide Web on May 21, 2008: eeoc.gov/ Author Unknown (2008). U.S. Courts: The Federal Judiciary. The information was retrieved from the World Wide Web on May 21, 2008: uscourts.gov/ Research Papers on Laws Against Discrimination in the WorkplaceMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesTrailblazing by Eric AndersonTwilight of the UAWThe Fifth Horseman19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Red Scarf Girl book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Red Scarf Girl book - Essay Example She was to appear in the auditions of Central Liberation Army Arts Academy. Ji-li-Jiang’s father dissuaded her to drop down this audition because of their poor family status. At that time, Ji-li-Jiang had no idea of what her father was really talking about. Ji-li-Jiang’s family was considered a â€Å"Black Family† and she was also used to be accused for her family old ways, the Four Olds (Old Customs, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas). The Chairman Mao used to protest against these Four Olds, which Ji-li-Jiang family was highly fond of. Ji-li-Jiang was forced and pressurized to make her choice following that, â€Å"Now, you have to choose between two roads. You can break with your family and follow Chairman Mao, or you can follow your father and become an enemy of the people†. Few events occurred at that time of Cultural Revolution, which made Ji-li-Jiang realize that her family is more important to her than to follow Chairman Mao. First, Ji-li-Jiang closest friends betrayed her in helping her to abolish the Four Olds to become a Red Guard and to also prevent herself from getting arrest for these Four Olds. The Campaign against the Four Olds was assigned to write the dreadful posters against their teachers, which Ji-li-Jiang failed to do because it was difficult and against her moral values to insult her teachers like this. Because of it, one day a Campaign member (da-zi-bao) enfolds that Ji-li has a relationship with a male teacher. Due to this amplification, Ji-li parents suggested her to stay at home to avoid such shame. After coming back to school Ji-li gets nominated for the Red Successor for the future generation of Red Guards. But her poor background gets revealed again to the whole class by Du Hai, which made her dropped out of the nomination. Then Ji-li’s graduation tests termination takes place. And Ji-li was to move to Shi-yi Junior High School recommended by her

Write a plan for a new music-related mobile application Assignment

Write a plan for a new music-related mobile application - Assignment Example We have seen applications that help in pitch correction, instruments tuning and mobile recording. In addition, the music fans are able to enjoy music at a greater extent. Technology has also made music to be more affordable for the music fans. One of the major contributors of music evolution is the mobile technology (Katz, 2010). This technology has brought conveniences to hundreds of millions of people. There is a great correlation between music, mobile technology and social media. This is a major source of revolution. Every day new software and applications are developed to enhance the music quality. Technology has therefore turned the people not only to just mere listeners, but music makers (Childs, 2011). Therefore technology and music will always co-exist. This paper is meant to discuss the possibility of creating a plan for a new music-related application. The Alpha Music Studio is one of the applications that are meant to bring a revolution in the music world. This is an application that helps to organize music and music albums. The application will be installed on any device that uses an android, Microsoft windows, and Apple windows among others. The application will be able to split a piece of music into different components. It will also help the listener to listen to different components of music. Some of these components include the instrumentals, sol-fa notes as well as the vocals. In addition, the application will able to split the vocals into different voices. The application will have a speech-to-text component that is able to convert the audio sound into visual lyrics. With all these uses I believe that the application will have a number of users that will take the music industry to the next level (Van, 2009). The application will have a number of targets. I believe it can be used by a number of people. The first group that is being

Erik Eriksons Eight Psychosocial Stages

Erik Eriksons Eight Psychosocial Stages This paper explores the developmental attributes physically, cognitively and socially of two children, one male and one female, ages five and ten, respectively. This writer will identify the socio-economic status (SEC), age, gender, ethnic background, and family demographics of each of these children. The two children this writer has chosen come from similar living situations (i.e. they both live with single mothers), but have vast differences in their physical, cognitive, and social development. This paper will examine Erik Eriksons Eight Psychosocial Stages as explained by Dacey, Fiore, Travers (2009) in an effort to explain the noticeable differences in the two children that this writer has chosen to observe. These two children were chosen because they are both being raised in a single parent household, which is something that this writer can relate to, as this writer is a single mother. This writer will also explore the Cognitive Development Approach theories of Jean Piaget and A lbert Banduras Social Cognitive Learning in an attempt to further explain the significant differences in these two children. Childhood Observation Theories on Human Development Many psychologists have different perspectives when it comes to analyzing theories on human development. For the purposes of these observations, this writer has chosen to take a closer look at the views of three well known psychologists. The psychological theories of development that this paper will explore are the theories of Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, and Albert Bandura. First, this writer will discuss Erik Erikson and his Psychosocial Theory of Development. It is a widely accepted belief that, Erik Erikson was the chief proponent of a psychosocial theory of development (2009). This writer believes that Erikson had a great understanding of the human life process. Erik Erikson is best known for his ideas on Stages of Psychosocial Development and Identity Crisis. Erikson broke down the progression of human life into a series of eight stages, each of these stages being marked by a crisis that must be resolved so that the individual can move on to the next stage. It makes perfect sense that everyone should overcome a crisis in order to successfully move on to the next stage in their life. In a seminal work, Erikson used the term crisis as a developmental term that is a time of increased vulnerability and heightened potential (Erikson, 1968). Erikson also contributed to our understanding of personality as it developed and shaped over the course of the li fespan. While we must combine the theories of many psychologists in order to understand the development of humans through the lifespan, Erik Eriksons views on development seem to be the ones with which most people can closely relate. Now, we will move our attention to Jean Piaget, a man who was well ahead of his time. It has been said that, Jean Piaget was among the first researchers to study normal intellectual development (2009). Jean Piaget is credited as being one of the most significant psychologists of the twentieth century. Piaget focused his attention on the roles that cognitive mechanisms play in development. Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development consist of four stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, and Formal operational. Piagets first stage is the Sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to about two years of age. During the Sensorimotor stage, the infant uses senses and motor abilities to understand the world, beginning with reflexes and ending with complex combinations of Sensorimotor skills (http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/piaget.html). Piagets second stage of Cognitive Development is the Preoperational stage, which lasts from two to seven years of age. It is during this st age that children are able to make use of symbols and rapid growth of language occurs. The third stage of Piagets Cognitive Development is the Concrete operational stage, which lasts from seven to eleven years of age. In this stage, the child can reason about physical objects. The final stage of Piagets Cognitive Development is the Formal operational stage, which occurs from eleven years of age and up. During the Cognitive Development stage, Piaget believed that abstract thinking leads to reasoning with more complex symbols. In this stage we become increasingly competent of adult-style thinking (http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/piaget.html). Lastly, the writer would like to discuss Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Learning. Banduras Social Cognitive Learning theory suggests that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. For instance, The theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation (http://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html). As Bandura and Walters (1963) noted, children often do not do what adults tell them to do but rather what they see adults do, hence learning by observation. There is much to be gained in the area of Social Cognitive Learning by observing others. That is, By observing others, children may acquire new responses, including socially appropriate behaviors (2009). Banduras term for observational learning is modeling. In order for effective modeling to take place, there are four conditions that must be present; these conditions include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. That is, Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences (http://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html). Discussion This writer will begin by describing the subjects of her observations. For this exercise, the researcher used her son, Aidan, and, Samantha, the daughter of her friend, both of which she has known since birth. Aidan is a 5-year-old, white male with no siblings. He is raised in a single parent household and has no contact with his father. Aidan and his mother live in a very large house with the subjects grandfather on several acres of farm land. Aidan has extensive contact with his grandfather, aunts, uncles, cousins, and close family friends that are considered family. Up until recently, Aidan also had extremely close contact and a wonderfully close relationship with his grandmother and great-grandfather, both of whom have passed away within the last two years. In classifying the socio-economic status from which Aidan comes, this writer would describe it as a middle class socio-economic status. Aidan also attends private school with a very small class size. Thus he is privy to more o ne-on-one contact with his teacher, which is something that may not be available to children attending public schools. The second subject that the writer observed is, Samantha, who is a 10-year-old girl, with one male sibling (age 4). She is being raised by her single mother and has never had any contact with her father. Samantha lives in a lower-middle class neighborhood with her mother and younger brother. Before moving into her current home, Samantha grew up in an income based housing complex. Samanthas mother works full time in order to support her two children. Because of her mothers busy work schedule, Samantha spends most of her time with her maternal grandparents. Samantha is of a lower socio-economic status than the other subject of this paper, attends public school and seems to have a hard time socializing with her classmates and teachers. She also appears to struggle with anger issues and has a rather severe lack of self-confidence. Given the observations on the subjects above, the writer will now explore the developmental theories of Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, and Albert Bandura, respectively. First we will begin with Erik Erikson and his Psychosocial Theories of Development. Aidan, the researchers first subject, appears to be on track with all of Eriksons Psychosocial Stages, within his age range. For instance, In Ericksons first stage, which is by far the most important, infants should develop a sense of basic trust (2009). In Aidans case, this stage was successfully completed due to him being on a set schedule and being surrounded by warmth, care, consistency, and discipline. Though he faced a multitude of health problems during this phase of his development, the love and warmth that was bestowed upon him enabled him to successfully complete Erik Eriksons first stage. Eriksons second Psychosocial stage, Autonomy versus shame and doubt, takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control (http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial.htm). Important events associated with this stage of Psychosocial Development include gaining more control over food choices, children wanting to dress themselves and choose their own clothing, toilet training, and control of ones body functions. Aidan was very insistent about doing these things during this phase of his development. Interestingly enough, he displayed some of these behaviors during Ericksons first stage of Psychosocial Development. For example, Aidan was potty trained by the time he was 18 months old, chose his own clothes, and began trying to dress himself. This brings us to Eriksons third stage of Psychosocial Development, Initiative versus Guilt. This phase takes place during the preschool/nursery school years and is marked by children beginning to assert their power and control over the world by directing play and other social interaction (http://psychology.abo ut.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial_2.htm). Manipulation of surroundings are prevalent in this stage of a childs development, as they are building on the ability to control themselves, children now acquire some influence over others in the family (2009). This is the phase of development that Aidan is in currently, and he is definitely an assertive little boy who likes to direct play and be in charge. Aidan can be manipulative in certain situations, such as, if mommy says no, he will immediately go ask his granddaddy. Overall, this researcher feels that Aidan has successfully completed all of Erik Eriksons Psychosocial stages thus far. Now, we will discuss the researchers second subject, Samantha. Upon the researchers observations, Samantha was unsuccessful in completing the Basic trust versus mistrust phase. This writer believes that this may be due to caregivers who were inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting. The afore mentioned variables could very well have contributed to feelings of mistrust in Samantha as an infant. With that stated, Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable (http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial.htm). Samanthas mother had her at a very young age and may have been ready to deal with the complete change of life that comes with bringing a child into the world. Because of the unsuccessful completion of this first and most important stage in Samanthas development, she exhibited signs of inadequacy and self-doubt during the Autonomy versus Shame, Doubt phase, thus meaning that she was unsucc essful in completing the second stage as well. When Samantha reached the third stage of Eriksons Psychosocial Theory of Development, there seemed to be a marked improvement in her behavior, however she still displayed characteristics of a child who was very hard to deal with. It was at this time that she was enrolled in a stable preschool where she remained until it was time for her to start kindergarten. This researcher believes that this was probably the stability that Samantha was longing for and so desperately needed. Before being enrolled in preschool, it was not uncommon for her to be subjected to her mothers various relationships, which often were unsuccessful. Since Samantha has never had a father, she always became easily attached to these various men. This leads this researcher to believe that this may be an underlying reason for Samanthas lack of trust and inability to fit in with others. At this point, Samantha has now moved into Eriksons fourth stage of Psychosocial The ory of Development, Industry Inferiority. For instance, Children expand their horizons beyond the family and begin to explore the neighborhood (2009). In Samanthas case, she can best be described as a recluse. From the moment she gets home from school, she doesnt emerge from her room until it is dinnertime. This researcher feels that this is certainly not a healthy environment, as there is no communication between mother and daughter. At times, Samantha seems to be very resentful of her mother. In this researchers opinion, Samantha has not successfully completed any of Erik Eriksons Psychosocial Stages of Development thus far. The writer will now explore Jean Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development. As stated earlier, Jean Piaget believed that cognitive development means that we form more sophisticated cognitive structures as we pass through four stages: the Sensorimotor, the Preoperational, the Concrete operational, and the Formal operational (2009). The Sensorimotor stage, which begins at birth and goes to about 2 years of age, is marked by an infants ability to use their bodies to form cognitive structures. The researchers first subject, Aidan, had various complications that required physical and occupational therapy, as well as neck surgery all before two years of age. Due to these complications, he was somewhat delayed in moving from the Sensorimotor stage to the Preoperational stage. Once he got all of the physical and occupational therapies and neck surgery behind him, he rapidly moved into the Preoperational stage. During this stage, children ages 2 to 7 years, are able to make use of symbols and t here is a rapid growth in language. Aidan, being the researchers son, was taught sign language from three months of age until he was about 2 years old. The reasoning for this was so that he would be able to communicate with others before he was able to talk, but when the time for rapid growth in language came, Aidan preferred to use sign language over verbalization. After a few talks and much encouragement, Aidan soon began to chatter away. Samantha, the writers second subject, flourished throughout the Sensorimotor stage and Preoperational stage. She was a very active little girl with a great imagination and amazing verbal skills. It is the Concrete operational stage that Samantha struggles with. It is during this stage that accommodation occurs. Accommodation is Piagets term to describe the manner by which cognitive structures change (2009). Samantha seems to be unable to make rational judgments, which in turn causes her to be very manipulative. This researcher believes that this goes back to a very lax parenting style in which Samantha is treated as more of a burden than the gift that she is. The final theory to be discussed is Albert Banduras Social Cognitive Learning Theory. Simply stated, Bandura believed that we obtain information from observing other people, things, and events (2009). Bandura stresses the importance of modeling in observational learning. In Aidans case, he has been surrounded by the positive influence of modeling. He is a polite, however sometimes rambunctious little boy who knows how to use his manners. Children are like sponges, always observing and soaking up everything around them. This can sometimes lead to bad behaviors or socially appropriate behaviors. In Samanthas case, she is a product of her surroundings. This researcher believes that due to her stressful home life, Samantha only knows to act out in order to get attention. The unfortunate things about this is that the attention she gains from acting out is never the attention she desperately needs.

Unbranding Starbucks

The coffee industry has been booming since the 1950’s mostly because of the explosion of the cafe style coffee houses in the 1990’s that have followed industry forerunners such as Starbucks (Sangeetha, 2010). Coffee is the second leading commodity worldwide, with a market share worth over $100 billion and over 500 billion cups consumed annually (Goldshein, 2011). Coffee is produced in over 50 countries worldwide providing a livelihood for over 25 million people, but 67% of the world’s coffee growth is conducted in the United States (Goldshein, 2011). In the 1990’s, with the coffee craze, came locally owned cafes and specialty stores that by 2005 made up 30% of the coffee retail market. These niche coffee shops have shown a 7% annual growth rate annually (Goldshein, 2011). For supermarkets and traditional (larger) retail outlets, who in 2005 held 60% of the market share, remained the primary channel to acquire both specialty and traditional coffee beverages (Sangeetha, 2010). For Starbucks, this market share helped to make them the third largest restaurant chain in the United States (Goldshein, 2011). In 2008, the economic downturn began and the corporate coffee chains were forced with closing stores due to overwhelming overhead with the increase to coffee prices as external factors (Sangeetha, 2010). This forced coffee companies to reinvent their promotional strategies for their specialty coffees in 2009 to send the message that these coffees would allow for â€Å"thrifty luxury† and comfort during stress (Sangeetha, 2010). This reinvention also sparked a socially responsible note with consumers that were demanding these responsibilities be adopted by the companies they purchase from. By expanding product lines and market offerings, many corporate coffee companies scrambled to find a solution to the changing market demands of consumers. As the market continues to shift, growth of coffee will focus on differentiating the brand and returning to the quality assurance that consumers have grown to expect (Colbert, 2013). By creating new products and innovations, companies will likely increase their market shares and profits (Colbert, 2013). Much of the growth of future demands for coffee will come from price sensitive developing markets due to the volatility that persists in the current market supply of coffee (Colbert, 2013). Though global brands have a large following, local brand will continue to flourish in coming years due to their ability to tailor their product offerings to consumers while corporate companies will continue to see these local coffee houses intrude on their consumer base (Colbert, 2013). In recent years, the coffee market has made a shift to more convenient ways for consumers to procure coffee. Starbucks made the move to more convenience for consumers by teaming up with Pepsi-Cola to offer bottled Frappuccino at supermarkets and convenience stores (Sangeetha, 2010). Starbucks also teamed up with Kraft Foods Inc. to supply stores with bagged whole bean and ground coffee for consumers to enjoy in the comfort of their own home (Sangeetha, 2010). With the trend of instant coffee, Starbucks responded to that as well and created a line of instant coffees to be sold in their Starbucks locations as well as supermarkets (Sangeetha, 2010). Other companies such as Nescafe and Folgers are also offering an instant coffee on the shelves of supermarkets and have been for decades now (BIC, 2013). Along with the instant coffee craze, single-serve systems have been a hot commodity to help coffee retailers maintain a market share. Green Mountain Coffee (GMC) began as a small coffee shop in Vermont and has grown to producing and selling 26. 8 million pounds of Arabica coffee annually (GMCR, 2013). Because GMC prides themselves on sustainable and responsible business practices, in 1998 they developed the Keurig single-serve system to cut on waste and produce better tasting, freshly brewed coffee in a minutes time (GMCR, 2013). At first, Keurig was only offering GMC and a few select brands, but as the single-serve trend picked up, companies such as Dunkin’ Donuts and Starbucks jumped on the band wagon (Staff, 2011; Chen, 2013). In 2011, Dunkin’ Donuts joined the Keurig family but were only offering their products at Dunkin’ Donut locations and not in supermarkets (Staff, 2011). Though offering the single-serve packs for your system at home was a good thought, Dunkin’ Donuts hurt themselves when it came to convenience because patrons still had to visit a store to purchase the single-serve packs for their home system (Staff, 2011). Earlier this year, Starbucks also signed on with GMC and Keurig to produce Starbucks and Tazo branded single-serve packs (Chen, 2013). This agreement is a five year contract and will triple the amount of Starbucks products on the Keurig machine by taking on additions such as Seattle’s Best and Teavana Teas to name a few (Chen, 2013). This strategy will increase the marketing position for Starbucks as well as GMC and Keurig because Starbucks has a loyal following that may see the single-serve system as an opportunity to save money and added convenience. In 1971, Starbucks opened as a small coffee shop in historic Pike’s Place Market in Seattle, Washington (Starbucks, 2012). By 1982, Starbucks was ready to grow as they hired on Howard Schultz as the director of retail operations and marketing (Starbucks, 2012). He realized that espresso was a trending beverage in Italy and saw a potential for a coffee bar culture that we now know as Starbucks Corporation (Starbucks, 2012). This was the first growth strategy that Schultz envisioned; creating an atmosphere for young and trendy coffee drinkers to sit and enjoy their cup of coffee. Schultz next strategy was to expand Starbucks beyond Seattle and Washington. With the help of local investors, Starbucks opened across the country and in just two years had 17 locations including Chicago and Canada (Starbucks, 2012). Starbucks was making a name for it and by 1988 had 33 locations and began providing health insurance for employees (Starbucks, 2012). Though Starbucks remained a privately owned company, in 1991 they offered a stock option programs for all employees unlike any other American company had before (Starbucks, 2012). This was a growth strategy for Starbucks because it showed a true interest in the well being and future of employees. Not only did the employees benefit from such incentives, but Starbucks received a brand name boost through media and word of mouth for their generosities (Starbucks, 2012). That same year, they opened their first airport coffee shop and maintained 116 stores in North America (Starbucks, 2012). By 1993, Starbucks has grown to such proportions that to keep up with production they opened their own coffee bean roasting plant in Washington State and more than doubled their store locations to 272 (Starbucks, 2012). 994 brought on a huge change for Starbucks with the drive thru window that now assimilated them to restaurant chains like McDonalds and began to weaken Starbucks profit margin (Starbucks, 2012). With this assimilation came even more expansion for Starbucks with a second roasting facility located in Pennsylvania, 677 locations nationwide, and introduction of new p roducts like the Frappuchino and premium ice cream in supermarkets (Starbucks, 2012). These growth strategies helped create a lifestyle and image association with the Starbucks logo as well as broadened their product variety which is a perceived value for consumers. In 1996, Starbucks opened their first location outside of American in Japan and later in Singapore (Starbucks, 2012). With the globalization that the company began to experience, this meant that their brand name and consumer loyalty was quickly catching on and not just in America. By 1997, Starbucks had 1,412 locations and also began the Starbucks Foundation to help strengthen communities in which they operate (Starbucks, 2012). This foundation is still active today and is used to fund literacy programs, develop young leaders, and participate in community service opportunities to give back with hands on approach (Starbucks, 2012). This is a perfect example of the social responsibility craze that began in 1999 and Starbucks teamed up with Conservation International to encourage and promote sustainable coffee practices and in 2000 became Fair trade certified with TransFair USA (Starbucks, 2012). Starbucks has continued to grow by establishing their own trading company, acquiring Seattle Coffee Company in 2003, and keeping up with the economical and sustainable practices of consumers offered the first paper cup made of recycled material in 2006 (Starbucks, 2012). This again reinforced Starbucks strategies to become industry leaders because in 2006, consumers were increasingly concerned about sustainability and it was forecasted that consumers will be willing to pay more for economically responsible products and services (Fletcher, 2006). From 2007 to current day, Starbucks has been rebranding and reworking their business practices trying to get back to their original design and a way to save money in the long run (Sangeetha, 2010; Starbucks, 2012). With a variety of new coffees on the menu and more food offerings, Starbucks has created a food giant that is now competing with McDonalds and other â€Å"quick service restaurants† and 17,651 stores globally as of July, 2012 (Starbucks, 2012). Unbranding for Starbucks is a major risk because it is competing with itself as well as the same competitor that the company is trying to outdo. With uick service restaurants serving specialty coffee on a bargain budget, Starbucks is risking losing a larger piece of the market pie with the unbranded store concept. Starbucks is known mostly for their name and logo in the global market. This is an attribute not a scar and as so Starbucks should be proud of their history and even more proud of the power house of coffee they have become. It was noted that the unbranded stores were expanding their horizons by offering beer, live music, and pottery classes as to attract a younger and more trendy consumer like that of competitors (Mitchell, 2009). These provide a clear message on what the average coffee consumer wants in today’s market; cheap, fast, and trendy. The age of the corporate coffee house is beginning to die off because consumers are becoming more knowledgeable about economic issues and boycotting corporate America (Prakash, 2013). This is mostly due to the interconnectivity that young America and youth of the world are experiencing with the internet, Facebook, and cell phones and create a learning curve for older generations (Prakash, 2013). Bottom line is that consumers enjoy the coffee that Starbucks sells, but subconsciously they are ultimately buying for the brand recognition, consistency, and pride they feel when drinking from a Starbucks logo cup that has their name written on the side of it. If McDonalds offered the exact same coffee as Starbucks but at their ridiculously cheap prices, there is no guarantee that consumers would completely jump ship from Starbucks simply because of the brand recognition and expectations that follow it. I believe that continuing to unbrand Starbucks is taking a step away from the heart of what Starbucks is known to be. The business model that Starbucks had in place before the unbranding begun was not broken completely, but simply had broken or misguided components. Face it, Starbucks grew too big, too fast and opened stores faster than they could keep track of. That is an aspect that corporate fails to realize; local coffee shops have one, maybe two locations to maintain and thus keeps the over head low. With the low overhead of locally owned shop, they are able to offer wider variety of products and services. They also often have backing from other local businesses through the chamber of commerce and because the owner is a member of the community has ties that help grow business through patronage. The unbranded store may work in Seattle, but only for a short time before consumers realize they are being taken for a fool by the big bad corporation. Starbucks needs to do what they do well, serve a hot cup of coffee with friendly banter in exchange and customer service that beats any other cafe and rid them of serving breakfast items. They are a coffee shop not a McDonalds. Starbucks is a strong brand name that is recognizable globally and the leading coffee conglomerate in the United States. I propose that Starbucks live up to the superior standards that they set forth in the beginning and continue to offer premium quality coffee under their branded logo. With the unbranding it has been made apparent that Starbucks employees staged sit-ins at local coffee shops in Seattle to â€Å"spy† on the competition (Mitchell, 2009). These sit-ins resulted in one of the unbranded stores looking identical to a bar next door in terms of color scheme and aesthetic design (Mitchell, 2009). Starbucks needs to stop trying to be the competition and regain their momentum as the pack leader by running with the global recognition that they hold benefit over local cafes. By co-branding more products and taking on sponsorship opportunities that feed positivity into the Starbuck brand and reinforce company values, consumers will pay tribute and return with loyalty. We have seen it done with McDonalds and Ronald McDonald House Charities. In 1974, the first Ronald McDonald House opened with the help of Shamrock Shake donations made by a Philadelphia store owner (McDonalds, 2012). If Starbucks would take their Starbucks Foundation and team up with Big Brothers, Big Sisters of America to promote youth leadership and strengthening the community (Starbucks, 2012). The success that McDonalds experienced after helping to open the Ronald McDonald House, is the same experience that Starbucks could potentially take advantage of to improve the company image and consumer base. With the increasing interest in social responsibility and the extraordinary amount of devastating events and natural disasters happening, this is an issue that is in Starbucks’ backyard. The urban youth that need guidance and nurturing; their future consumer demographic all wrapped in a nice tiny package waiting to be tapped into.Work CitedBest Instant Coffee (BIC), 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.instantcoffeebrands.net/ Chen, K. Starbucks to Triple Products for GMCR’s Keurig. The Motley Fool, May 9, 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/05/09/starbucks-to-triple-products-for-gmcrs-keurig.aspx Colbert, R. Coffee 2013: Ready for Take Off. Robobank, International Coffee Organization, March 5, 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.ico.org/event_pdfs/seminar-consumption/rabobank-e.pdf Fletcher, A. Sustainable development a business reality, says report. Food Navigator, April 25, 2006. Retrieved from: http://www.foodnavigator.com/Financial-Industry/Sustainable-development-a-business-reality-says-report Goldshein, E. 11 Incredible Facts About The Global Coffee Industry. Business Insider, November 14, 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.businessinsider.com/facts-about-the-coffee-industry-2011-11?op=1 Green Mountain Coffee Roasters (GMCR), 2013. Keurig Brand Partners. Retrieved from: http://www.keurig.com/in-the-news/2010/~/media/files/news%20and%20media%20pdfs/roaster_profiles.ashx McDonalds Corporation, 2012. Ronald McDonald House Charities. Retrieved from: http://www.rmhc.com Mitchell, S. Starbucks Goes Stealth with Unbranded, â€Å"Local† Cafes. Institute for Local Self Reliance, July 22, 2009. Retrieved from: http://www.ilsr.org/starbucks-goes-stealth-unbranded-local-cafes/ Prakash, P. State of the Urban Youth, India 2012. IRIS Knowledge Foundation,2013. Retrieved from: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1075&context=professor_vibhutipatel&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fas_ylo%3D2013%26q%3Dyouth%2Band%2Bpolitics%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%2C44%26as_vis%3D1#search=%22youth%20politics%22 Sangeetha, K. Starbucks Unbranded Stores: A Move to Regain Former Glory. Amity Research Centers HQ, 2010. Staff Writer. Green Mountain, Dunkin’ team up on single-serve joe. Boston.com, February 22, 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2011/02/green_mountain_21.html Starbucks Company, 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.starbucks.com/

The Historic Rise of Christian Fundamentalism in the United States in the Late Nineteenth Century.

Fundamentalism is a religious response to modernity. Although the term is frequently used in a popular context to mean any religious position perceived to be traditional, archaic or scripture-bound, it has a specific meaning from an historical perspective, and a genealogy which has seen the term change from the self-referential description of a particular religious group, to a term which may have lost its impact through misplaced, and indiscriminate, application.Originally used by a specific group of American Protestants, who shared a similar world-view and theology, Fundamentalism grew from individuals within disparate denominations finding common cause to an organized movement with the power to challenge modernity at the level of the courtroom and the popular press. This essay will consider just how we can account for Fundamentalism’s emergence in the US by first considering its historical roots within the Great Awakening, and up to the 1920’s with the Scopes â€Å"M onkey† trial.Secondly it will consider the theological innovations that underpinned Fundamentalism by exploring both Dispensationalism and Premillenarianism, before finally placing Fundamentalism within its sociological background by looking at broader cultural movements in American society, and considering how changes in both the scientific and intellectual spheres challenged the traditional place of evangelical Protestantism. Christian fundamentalism has been succinctly defined by George Marsden as â€Å"militantly anti-modernist Protestant evangelicalism. In the latter part of the 19th century and into the first decades of the 20th they developed specific beliefs and operating principles that set them apart from what was, in their view, dangerously liberal evangelical Protestantism. In a post-Darwinian world the Protestant worldview, particularly in the US, came under a number of specific threats from advances in science and contemporary intellectual developments. Unlike t he liberals, who sought compromise with these developments, it was the Fundamentalists â€Å"chief duty to combat uncompromisingly ‘modernist’ theology and certain secularizing cultural trends. † This militant tendency would eventually lead them to challenge modernity in the courtroom, and through utilizing the political system to achieve their ends. Although Fundamentalists were anti-modernity, they were not anti-modern in their readiness to embrace new forms of communication media. Newspapers, publishing, cinema and radio were all exploited as effective methods to publicize their agenda. The very term â€Å"Fundamentalism† was coined in 1920, in the Watchman-Examiner newspaper, by Curtis Lee Laws, who defined fundamentalists as those ready to â€Å"do battle royal for the Fundamentals. Traditional evangelicalism, from which Fundamentalism would grow, had taken shape during the Great Awakening of the 18th century. A series of Christian revivals had broug ht together a number of disparate movements, and blended Calvinist and Methodist theologies along with experiential conversion into a powerful and popular Christian movement. It also preached on the evils of alcohol and other forms of vice, in addition to the need to evangelize to the poor for their moral renewal through a social Gospel that emphasized personal piety and good works. Nineteenth century America started out as an overwhelmingly Protestant country.The specific lineage of the majority group was traced back to northern European ancestry, from the settlers who had travelled across the Atlantic in search of land in which they might practice a truly reformed Christianity. Different colonies along the eastern seaboard had been under the theocratic rule of the different Protestant sects, yet all had a common purpose in implementing God’s will as laid out in the Bible. This would all change with the arrival in the 1820s off the first large scale immigration of Catholics, along with Jews and other religious minorities.Together with homegrown religious movements like the Mormons, these new groups altogether changed the religious landscape of the US, and helped to reconcile the different protestant groups to one another. Evangelicalism emerged as a â€Å"voluntary association of believers founded on the authority of the Bible alone. † The evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin had a profoundly worring effect on the victorian Protestant mindset. They, along with advances in philology, geology and the historical critical method of Biblical scholarship began to undermine the foundations of religious certitude.The Bible had been seen as the very word of God and was therefore the only guide a Christian would need to guide her through the ethical and moral trials of life, safe in the knowledge that God’s will was being followed. The Bible had always been revered as â€Å"the revealed word of God, correct in every detail and in need of no add ition† to the text, and yet it was now under sustained questioning within academia. Towards the end of the 19th century an interdenominational revivalist network, which sought to counter these trends, began to take shape around the era’s greatest evangelist, Dwight L.Moody. A one-time shoe salesman, Moody had a conversion experience to evangelicalism. After a massively popular tour of Ireland and the UK in the mid 19th century he returned to the US as a preacher with the power to attract very large audiences. Moody was of the generation immediately preceding that of the Fundamentalists, but he had nonetheless provided them with a sufficiently well developed network (which included his famous Bible Institute), and a strong charismatic personality about which the emerging movement could coalesce.Moody, who could not countenance â€Å"Liberals in what they were teaching or doing to the Christian Faith†, found common ground with Fundamentalist thinkers and opinion sh apers. Starting in 1910 a series of small booklets appeared called â€Å"The Fundamentals†. Each booklet contained a series of essays by a leading evangelical thinker, plus a number of personal stories that attested to a radicalized evangelicalism.Although Fundamentalism, as we now know it, did not emerge as an absolute ideology from this publication alone, it was emerging as a broad movement within evangelical Protestantism as more of its membership took an increasingly hard line on modernity. As they saw themselves â€Å"losing control of their churches, their families, their working environments, their schools and their nation† certain members withdrew into a specific eschatological belief system and a principle of separatism from liberal protestant thinkers.Organized around a system of Bible â€Å"conventions† that were held in the birthplace of Fundamentalism, New England, leading evangelistic preachers and scholars contemplated their â€Å"opposition to m odernist theology and to some of the relativistic cultural changes that modernism embraced. † Relativism, especially where the revealed word of God was concerned, was a hated innovation. Fundamentalists refused to acknowledge the relative merit of each religion, or each Christian denomination; either their beliefs were right and were worth defending, or they were wrong.They would defend an absolute truth, but not a relative one. The second decade of the 20th century saw the Fundamentalists win two important battles, but gain public opprobrium as a direct result. The first, the Scopes â€Å"Monkey† trial of 1925, was a victory that saw the courts uphold the teaching of the Genesis account of human origins over the empirical Darwinian view. The case became a cause celebre throughout the US, and opened up the Fundamentalist position to widespread ridicule through a largely hostile press. The second front in which they had a pyric victory was over prohibition.The ban on alc ohol consumption was in place from 1919-1933, during which time illegal alcohol distillation and sales fueled the rise of mafia organizations, and encouraged political and police corruption. Public morality did not increase as a result of banning alcohol, and the public resented the intrusion of religious ideology into public life. Afterwards Fundamentalists largely withdrew from public life to nurse their wounds and regroup, rather than retreat. Fundamentalism arose as a â€Å"historically new religious movement with distinctive beliefs† from its base in evangelical Protestantism.These beliefs, which they would go to great lengths to promote and defend, centered on their own conception of themselves as a special people in God’s eyes with a Biblically mandated mission to prepare the way for the return of Christ. The two most characteristic beliefs, which defined the Protestant Christian Fundamentalist, were dispensationalism and premillenarianism. Fundamentalists drew their theology from a literal reading of Christian scripture, with a special emphasis being placed on the eschatological books of Revelation and Daniel, from which they were able to discern God’s plan for mankind’s future.A literal interpretation of Holy Scripture demands the believer is able to trust the text as a revealed source of God’s will. Fundamentalists believed the Bible to be the actual word of God, as revealed to the authors of the various books it contains. The message it contains must be divinely ordered; free from the errors human agency is so prone to. Inerrancy in the Bible, specifically the King James version, was the central pillar Fundamentalist theologians developed their understanding of God’s will upon.They believed the Bible free from all mistakes, errors and faults; that it was in an unchanged condition since the earliest days of Christianity’s founding fathers. It could therefore be absolutely relied upon by the individual for her understanding of the words and deeds of Christ, his followers and his message of salvation. It was the â€Å"infallible word of God and hence anything which challenged it†¦was not just wrong but sinful†¦Ã¢â‚¬  especially for the evangelical who took a liberal position, and risked personal damnation by doing so.Another central tenant, that of â€Å"dispensationalism†, became a hallmark belief for Fundamentalists. It is a scheme for â€Å"interpreting all of history on the basis of the Bible, following the principle of ‘literal where possible. ’† They believed that history was divided up into seven distinct eras, or dispensations. Each of these eras was marked by a catastrophe for mankind, so the first dispensation was recorded in Genesis as the period of Eden, which culminated in the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the earthly paradise with the stain of original sin.Others dispensations ended with Noah and the flood, or the Tower of Babel and mutually incomprehensible languages etc. The present age was known as the â€Å"age of the Church† and would culminate in the apocalypse as foretold by the revelation of John in the New Testament. This would be followed by the return of Christ to earth and the final of the seven dispensations; that of the reign of God on earth. The revelation of John, as interpreted by the Fundamentalists, speaks of a period of time numbering one thousand years in which Christ will reign before judgment on humanity.Theological debate within evangelical Christianity takes two approaches to just when the millennium will take place – one side, the moderate evangelicals, believes there will be a millennium followed by judgement and the other side, that of the Fundamentalists, believes that Christ will return first, judge human kind and institute the period of heaven on earth. This belief, of Christ’s return followed by the millennium, is known as premillenarianism and became fo r Christians with fundamentalist leanings the focal point for both their heological positioning, and for informing both their political and social policies. Moderate evangelical millenarians believed that helping those worse off in this world, the poor and the destitute, would bring about Christ’s return through instigating a period of prosperity first, hence they involved themselves in the social Gospel through good works and charity. Premillenarians, on the other hand, waited on the return of Christ first and therefore did not believe that charitable work would save souls from the coming judgment.Theological development within fundamentalism was therefore a response to greater sociological conditions prevalent in the US in the early decades of the 20th century. Post-war America was a radically different country than it had been just two generations before. Sociological conditions had altered in ways that elicited a response from some Protestants that were analogous to the e xperience of ethno-cultural groups newly arrived in the US; Protestants had, in Marsden’s analogy, â€Å"experienced the transition from the old world of the nineteenth century to the new world of the twentieth wholly involuntarily. Fundamentalists had experienced a traumatic cultural shock as the result of changes to American society that had been rapid, far-ranging and decisive. Structural changes within the family, the work place and the political order had dislodged the Protestant world-view in the US from a position of being, in their view, normative to a relative position in the panoply of religious identities in the modern American experience. Traditional Protestantism was â€Å"no longer a matter of necessity; it was a choice and a leisure activity. This fragmentation of Protestant identity was a mirror of broader changes that had taken place within society. Social institutions had undergone a shift, within modernity, that fed into the Fundamentalist idea of change as anathema to stability and as undermining a true understanding of Christianity, and its role as the only sure path to personal salvation. The family unit had been, within living memory for many of Fundamentalism’s early adherents, a stable basis upon which to build the religious life.As an agrarian unit, the family had encouraged hierarchy with the father on top of a structure that spent most of its time together. This was necessary for the time consuming, and expensive, business of agricultural production. Family life, which included work, education, prayer and social instruction, had once guaranteed the propagation of the next generation of family, worker and religious adherent. Modernity brought new social roles, and new forms of social mobilization, through factory production and office work.Men, and to a lesser degree women, now traveled to a place of employment outside of the family home. The area of the US that had seen the greatest amount of industrialization, the N ortheast, was also the area that gave birth to Fundamentalism. As new opportunities to better oneself socially and financially arose so did new forms of egalitarianism. The needs of a developing industrial society called for the individualization of people through empowering them to make personal decisions about where they would live, marry and pray.Within the cities many people began to explore new forms of spiritual expression, with substantial numbers of people returning to traditional branches of a Protestantism which was now exploring new theologies, such as premillenarianism, in response to anomic uncertainty. Fundamentalism attracted growing numbers of people in urban, rather than rural, settings through marginalization and alienation. â€Å"The growth of fundamentalist churches†¦was largely through conversion† of individuals within the city seeking the assurances offered by the theological assertions of the most radical Protestant sects.The position of the Bible as the inerrant word of God had come under considerable pressure from science through the application of historical critical methodologies, as well as other from other disciplines that were investigating the Bible from new intellectual perspectives, and so had conceded it’s role of containing an ultimate truth. While nominally this would affect all Christianity’s, including Roman Catholicism, the Protestant principle of Sola Scriptura, the individual ability to interpret the word of God without an intermediary, left them particularly venerable to the accelerated pace of scientific progress.While many liberal Protestant theologians were willing to concede to â€Å"lower criticism†, or the critique of the human authorship of the Bible, Fundamentalists could not equivocate when a literal interpretation informed their very world-view, and their relationship to society and culture. It was not any particular movement in science, be it â€Å"hard† empiricism of Darwin or the â€Å"soft† theorizing of the Humanities, that ultimately upset the Fundamentalists as much as the aggregate of suspicion that now hung over the entire Christian project.Religion was â€Å"challenged less by specific scientific discoveries than by the underlying logic of science (indeed, rationality)† which had come full circle with the technological ability that had allowed America to enter into a world war as a super power. The social power to drive the new century was drawn from scientific rationalism, and not, as it had been in the past, from reliance upon the sacred. Fundamentalism was at war with modernity, and wished to reassert the old certainties in an age that had embraced their decline in favor of immediate temporal ability.Protestant Fundamentalism arose as a response to modernity during the late 19th and early 20th century. Faced with a number of challenges on different fronts it developed a theological foundation that marked it off as a dist inct religious phenomenon. Born of the schisms inherent in Protestantism since the reformation, it attracted adherents through a militant defense of traditional religious values that were increasingly undermined as progress in science questioned the Biblical narrative.Dispensationalism, and premillenarianism, in addition to a principle off separatism from liberal Protestant evangelicals, combined to give this new group a powerful voice in American religious life. At their height the fundamentalists were able to successfully challenge the American establishment through a highly publicized court trial that pitted modernity’s champions against religion’s staunchest defenders. At the same time their political influence was such that their dream of public moral regeneration through the wholesale ban on alcohol consumption demonstrated their ability to mount effective campaigns, and win.These victories turned out to be Fundamentalism’s undoing, at least where the gene ral public was concerned, as the publicity generated by the Fundamentalists engendered public ridicule and resentment towards this new group. American society had changed radically from the victorian religious society, based on the principles that had once been clearly understood through a thorough individual grounding in the Bible, to a society that was increasingly materialistic, secular and diverse. As the Fundamentalists withdrew to regroup, and quietly build their power base through their own separate nstitutions, they would later reemerge to continue their challenge to modernity within American society. Bibliography Bruce, S. , Fundamentalism (2nd Ed. ), UK: Polity Press, 2008 Bruce, S. , â€Å"The Moral Majority: the Politics of Fundamentalism in Secular Society† in Studies in Religious Fundamentalism (ed. Lionel Caplan), London: Macmillan Press, 1987 Carpenter, J. A. , Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997 Hudson, W. S. , Religion in America (3rd Ed. )), New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1981 Lawrence, B. B. Defenders Of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt Against the Modern Age, USA: University of South Carolina Press, 1989 Marsden G. M. , Encyclopedia of Religion (ed. Lindsay Jones), Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005 Marsden G. M. , Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism 1870-1925, New York: Oxford University Press, 1980 Marty, M. E. , and Appleby, R. S. , Fundamentalisms Observed (The Fundamentalism Project, Vol. 1), Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1991 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Carpenter, J.A. , 1997, Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 5 [ 2 ]. Marsden G. M. , 2005, Encyclopedia of Religion (ed. Lindsay Jones), Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, p. 2887 [ 3 ]. Marsden G. M. , 1980, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism 1870-1925, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 159 [ 4 ]. Marsden, Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 2887 [ 5 ]. Bruce, S. , 2008, Fundamentalism (2nd Ed. ), UK: Polity Press, p. 12 [ 6 ]. Carpenter, Revive Us Again, p. 6 [ 7 ]. Lawrence, B. B. 1989, Defenders Of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt Against the Modern Age, USA: University of South Carolina Press, p. 162 [ 8 ]. Bruce, Fundamentalism, p. 70 [ 9 ]. Marsden, Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 2889 [ 10 ]. ibid, p. 2890 [ 11 ]. Carpenter, Revive Us Again, p. 5 [ 12 ]. Bruce, Fundamentalism, p. 69 [ 13 ]. Marsden, Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 2889 [ 14 ]. Lawrence, Defenders of God, p. 166 [ 15 ]. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, p. 204 [ 16 ]. Bruce, Fundamentalism, p. 20 [ 17 ]. ibid, p. 17 [ 18 ]. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, p. 202 [ 19 ]. Bruce, Fun damentalism, p. 24